| CHAPTER SEVEN
Twentieth Century Gloucester-a watercolor by Earl Nazar UNION TOWNSHIP TO GLOUCESTER CITY Gloucester City, for a hundred years the county seat of olde Gloucester County, has enjoyed a long and varied career to become one of the fine residential communities in the famed Delaware River Valley. Once a heavy industrial center, due to its advantageous location, Gloucester City throughout the generations has withstood the various changes that have taken place and held its head high among the older communities. It is an appealing community of warmth and fine fellowship. Yes, from the early "Mill Days" through the days of the Welsbach Company, worldwide manufacturer of gas mantles and appliances; the New York Shipyard, Pusey and Jones Shipyard, and others, this city has built many fond memories from the advantages derived. When one thinks in such terms, one is bound to think about the various community advantages, which are always increasing. For instance, the community maintains an enviable reputation by virtue of its fine cross section of churches. Our community can boast of this advantage and for years has been blessed in this way, thereby giving every person an opportunity to worship as he or she so desires. The major educational program in this city is second to none in the area. Directed by professional education specialists, the school systems are truly progressive with real emphasis upon higher education for the younger generation and diversified activities for the older residents. The program has been given widespread prominence due to new precedents and well-received features. A well-rounded and well-supported sports program is another community feature, which makes us conspicuous among contiguous communities. The Johnson Boulevard area has been transformed into one of the truly major play centers in southern New Jersey and during the seasons attracts thousands of baseball and football enthusiasts. Thus a short story of an old, historic community that has kept abreast of the times and through splendid cooperation all around has maintained a warm appeal with thoughts for the future. Yes, a nice place in which to live among friendly people. Frank O. Stetser Gloucester City, like the Nation, has seen its share of hard times and has always weathered the storm and somehow or another has emerged a stronger and more unified Community because of it. Gloucester City has a proud and historical past and, I believe, a prouder and more prosperous future. The children of today are most assuredly the leaders of tomorrow and to them and to all the succeeding generations, the Mayor and Council of this 1976 Bicentennial Year wish success and accomplishments that would astound our present day philosophers. The Nation during this Bicentennial Year looks proudly back at two hundred years of progress and accomplishments that would defy the most vivid imagination of the yesteryear philosophers. We have risen to the occasion of two World Wars and numerous conflicts; and through personal sacrifice, technical ability, and, most of all, the desire to remain free and God-fearing people have overcome the oppression that has been attempted to be forced upon us in the past. Our hope for the future is for remembered and continued success, happiness and prosperity to the citizens of Gloucester City in the spirit of our forefathers. William E. Gartland
Gloucester has had a council form of government from the Concessions and Agreements signed in 1677. From the Council of Proprietors to the Present mayor and council, the people have elected the town's ruling body. Over the 300 year period, residents have also played an active role in county and state politics by serving on the county freeholder boards and in state legislatures. The Concessions gave the landowners the right to vote for representatives who acted in their behalf in all phases of government-executive, legislative, and judicial. Consequently those eligible to vote actually had a larger role in local government than today. However, only the landowners could vote or hold office; therefore, the democratic process was limited to a few. For about one hundred years the town and the county governments were the same and under the control of one elected body. In 1773, King George granted a patent to the citizens of Gloucester Town. This document guaranteed all rights, liberties, privileges, and immunities of British citizenship to the local inhabitants and their successors. It also established the town's boundaries. A few years later, Gloucester's role changed somewhat when the county seat moved to Woodbury, but the town was still governed by the county freeholders as a part of Gloucester Township. In 1832, Gloucester Town was separated from Gloucester Township and became part of Union Township. As the largest town in the township, Gloucester was the meeting place for the township committee. However, the northern section of the county was not especially satisfied with the county seat's being in Woodbury and decided to form a new county. Camden County was established by an act of the state legislature and officially incorporated on March 13, 1844. Joseph Budd was selected to represent Gloucester Town at a meeting to set up the election for a county seat. Seven townships and one city were established within the county and each was to have two representatives on the Board of Chosen Freeholders. Camden became the county seat. With John D. Glover and Abraham Lippincott representing Union Township, the first freeholder meeting was held on May 8, 1844. With the growth of Gloucester as an industrial town came the realization that the town was now large enough to become a separate entity. The township committee appointed James L. Hines and Hugh J. Gorman to organize a town meeting. The following notice was posted on November 27, 1867: "A Town Meeting will be held at the Buena House, Gloucester, on the 9th of December at eight o'clock p.m. for the purpose of taking into consideration what means can be taken for the better government of the township of Union and if necessary to petition the Legislature to that effect." From this meeting came the appointment of a 12-man committee, chaired by Edmund Hoffman, which was to formulate a code of laws and a petition for incorporation of Gloucester. The report was submitted to the township committee later that month. Edmund Hoffman, William D. Mulford, Samuel Murphy, William N. Brown, and James L. Hines were assigned the task of drawing up a city charter and petition. Assembly Bill No. 84: "An bill to incorporate Gloucester City, Camden County, New Jersey" was introduced by James Wills, passed by the Assembly on February 11 and the Senate on February 20, and signed into law by Governor Marcus Ward on February 25, 1868. The town was now officially the City of Gloucester City. In March, the first city officials were elected. Those so honored were Samuel D. Mulford, mayor; Hugh J Gorman, recorder; Frederick Shindle, assessor; Andrew J. Greene, collector; Bowman H. Lippincott, surveyor of highways; Peter Rencorn and Samuel West, constables; Samuel Raby, John M.Pettit, Nathaniel Ferald, William C. Mulford, William N. Brown, and Henry P. Gaunt, councilmen. The city charter was amended in 1871 to increase the number of council members to nine. They were elected at large because the city had only one ward. Twelve years later the charter was again amended to divide the city into two wards. Four councilmen were elected from each ward and one at-large. Issuing municipal bonds for $20,000 raised the monies to build a city hall in 1869 on the same site as the present building. On the first floor of the building were the city offices, council chamber, mayor's office, and jail. An auditorium which seated 500 occupied the second floor. This building served as a center for government and a community center for all types of activities, including high school basketball. When the building was demolished in 1938 because it had been condemned by the state authorities, it certainly had more than paid for itself. Many residents were saddened as the bricks fell. Each of those bricks symbolized a special moment in the lives of Gloucester's residents for the 68 years it existed. The last council meeting to be held in Old City Hall took place on September 1, 1938. The City Council of 1890 was among the more interesting of the many august bodies who have served. Making up the council were nine men who were assigned to nine committees. William, the Duke, Thompson was on six of them: ordinance, finance, police, public property, license, and water works. Of course, no one would dare charge Mr. Thompson with exercising autocratic control of the city. That is, no one but George C. Wynkoop would. Mr. Wynkoop, a boxer turned reporter, wrote reports of council's meetings which were not exactly favorable to the city fathers. Council then barred him from the meetings, but he simply crashed through the locked door. During one very heated argument, Mr. Wynkoop picked up Mr. Thompson and threw him bodily into a horse trough. Much to the surprise of Gloucester's residents, especially the Thompson democrats, Mr. Wynkoop was elected mayor after campaigning on a promise to break Mr. Thompson's political grip on the city. Following the addition of the Highland Park section, from Centre Township, and Gloucester Heights, from Haddon Township, the city was divided into three wards with three councilmen elected from each. Ward boundaries had to be realigned in recent years as the population east of Route 130 and in Gloucester Heights grew and the one man, one vote rule was applied in communities. In recent years a Charter Study Commission was elected to study Gloucester's form of government in an attempt to find a more efficient way to operate within today's complexities. As a result of the study, council was reduced to six members in 1971 as it originally had been and the mayor's role was strengthened. Another change was the institution of salaries-$2500 for the mayor and $1000 for council members-to be paid annually for performing the various duties involved in the positions.The term of three years remained the same for council so that one year of every three there is no election for council. The mayor serves a four year term. Today's mayor and council face the same basic problems in operation of the city, but the solutions are now more complicated. Residents demand the best services at the lowest cost and this usually presents a dilemma. City services have grown over the years and it became necessary to build a new city hall. The present building has offices on two levels and one large room used as the council chamber and municipal court room. The City hall has been in use for more than 35 years but has been outgrown by local government. Three new offices have been made from the former library quarters in the Municipal Building. Sharing the first floor with the Baby Keep Well Station are the offices of the mayor, the housing administrator, and the building inspector. The city is operated according to the charter and through local ordinances. One very unusual ordinance provided for payment of fifty cents to anyone who, after burying a dog that had died or been killed, would bring the dog's tail to the city hall as proof. Police began to get suspicious when a number of dog owners began to make complaints about their dogs coming home without tails. A check of the records showed that quite a large number of tails were being brought in by boys. Council decided to rescind the ordinance to protect the remaining canines. Sometimes an ordinance is passed following numerous complaints of citizens. Such was the case in August, 1974, when council passed an ordinance listing offenses against the public peace, safety, and morals of the town and the punishments for those found guilty of any of these offenses. A total of 28 offenses are named in the ordinance. A few of them follow: "Knowingly associating with thieves or delinquents; Idly roaming the streets at night; Habitual truancy from school; Defacing the property of another (graffiti); Loitering in groups of three or more on any public streets, highways, or alleys; Consumption of alcoholic beverages on a public street; Lack of supervision by a parent, legal guardian or other person having the care of custody of a minor child under the age of 18." Parts of the ordinance define some of the terms and explain some of the ramifications. If found guilty, the violator is subject to a fine not to exceed $500 or a jail term not to exceed 90 days or both. One often wonders how slogans and sayings get started. Sometimes a phrase starts with a major event, as Coxey's Army, and reaches the small towns. At other times, it might originate in a small town like Gloucester and spread nationally. Apparently this type of thing happened in 1932 with a very famous political slogan. According to local historians, Tom Larny, a sign painter who lived at 1033 Jersey Avenue, originated the term New Deal. After Franklin D. Roosevelt received the nomination in 1932, Mr. Larney painted two signs and hung them on the front and back license plates on his old car. The signs said, "Elect Roosevelt and get a NEW DEAL." Politicians picked up the slogan and it became one of the most famous in the political history of the United States. The slogan used by the present city government is "A progressive government in a progressive country." *** PATENT FOR GLOUCESTER TOWN FROM KING GEORGE III (Inset page 157) On the eighth day of December, 1773, George the III, King of England, gave all the rights and privileges enjoyed in England to the citizens of Gloucester Town in this patent: Patent for Gloucester Town George the third by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland King Defender of the Faith &c. . . To all to whom these presents shall come Greeting. Know ye that We of our Grace certain knowledge and meer Motion have given & granted and by these Presents do give and grant us our Heirs and Successors to the Inhabitants of the Town of Gloucester in the County of Gloucester in our Province of New Jersey within the Following Boundaries vizt. Beginning at the Mouth of' Newton Creek thence down the Delaware River to the Mouth of Great Timber Creek thence up the same to the Mouth of a Branch called Beaver Branch thence up the same to the head thereof in the lands of Jacob Jennings thence North five degrees East to the line of Newton Township. Thence along the 2d. Line to the head of the Southerly Branch of Newton Creek in David Horley's Field. Thence down the same main Creek thence down the main creek to the Place of Beginning to be & remain perpetual Township & Community in word and Deed to be called & known by the name of the Town of Gloucester and we further give and grant to the sd. Inhabitants of the Town afsd., and their Successors to choose annually Overseers of the Poor and all other necessary Officers for the Town afsd. and to have and hold & enjoy all other Privileges Rights Liberties and Immunities that any other Township in our sd. Province doth or may of right Enjoy and said Inhabitants are hereby constituted and appoint a Township aforesaid to have and enjoy the Privileges afsd. to them and their Successors forever. In Testimony whereof We have here unto Caused the Great Seal of our Province of New Jersey to be affixed Witness our Trusty and well beloved William Franklin Esquire Captain General Governor & Commander in Chief in & over our Province of New Jersey & Territories thereon depending in America Chancellor &c Vice Admiral of the same &c . . . at Burlington the 8th day of December in the 14th Year of our Reign Anno Domini 1778 (This information was found in the Secretary of State's Petit Office, Trenton, New ]Jersey, by Harry Mackey of Camden and given to the high school magazine staff for use in their special issue of Reflexions published in June, 1973.) *** EARLY OFFICIAL MINUTES (Inset page 158) Minutes of early meetings of Old Gloucester County, Gloucester Town, Union Township, and Camden County are scattered all over the state. Gloucester has no museum or center for its historic documents. Historians or students working on projects must search from Trenton to Woodbury to obtain information. (Replica of County's First Minutes, written in script) Minutes of Union Township Town Meetings from 1855 to 1867 are in the archives of the State Library in Trenton. On March 14, 1855, a town meeting was held at Washington House with William Martin presiding as Moderator and James C. Pitman recording the minutes at Clerk. The results of the election were as follows: Judge of Election, Alexander A. Powell It should be noted that the names of the early settlers are missing from this list. The influx of new residents during the early years of industrial growth changed the makeup of the community from small businessmen, craftsmen, and farmers to a community made up mainly of factory workers, skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled laborers. *** Inset page 159 Gloucester City Seal has motto "The City With a Prosperous Future." The Bicentennial Logo was designed by Glynneth Llewellyn. Photo Captions: *** GLOUCESTER'S MAYORS (Inset page 160) 1868, Samuel D. Mulford *** Photo caption page 161 Mural on City hall honors residents who served in World War II. *** INVOLVEMENT IN CONTROVERSIES Controversy has swirled around Gloucester City at several intervals throughout its 350 Years. Some of these controversies- date and location of Fort Nassau, race track and gambling, destruction of historic sites such as Hugg's Tavern and Harrison Manor-have been discussed. Some have been major; some, minor. At times the cause has split the town and at other times has united the citizens. The 1900's brought more issues at more frequent intervals. Unfortunately not all can be covered because of the lack of space but the major ones have been selected for coverage. More often than not the city has been the loser of ratables as governments have taken land for state and federal use. Occasionally the city has won and stopped the encroachment. For months in 1909 the Delaware Valley was embroiled in a race to obtain or to reject the United States Immigration Station which was to be built to service the Philadelphia area. Sites on both sides of the river were offered and rejected for one reason or another: too expensive, neighborhood objections, unsatisfactory facilities. Two sites were offered in Gloucester. The Gloucester Manufacturing Company offered 1172 acres with a wharf and 650 feet of river frontage, six buildings, a pumping station, and a power house. The asking price was $200,000 and another $50,000 would have to be spent on renovations. William Thompson's five acre estate on the river was offered for $100,000 and use of his ferryboats at $4 per one hundred passengers. However, a pier would have to be constructed. Officials on the Pennsylvania side organized a campaign against all sites on the east side of the river. Secretary of Commerce and Labor Nagel had his own choices for a possible site, but the bickering angered him. Finally he became so outraged with Philadelphia Mayor Rayburn's opposition and the constant interference that the Thompson site was purchased. Although the thousands of immigrants were supposed to spread Gloucester's name far and wide, only 4% of the immigrants came through the port and little fame developed. A valuable piece of riverfront property became a federal reservation and the city lost an important ratable. In 1941 the last remnants of the Immigration Station, which had opened in 1912, moved to Philadelphia. During World War II enemy aliens were housed at the station when it was used as a Detention Center. The Coast Guard has used the facility since 1946. In 1952 the Motor Vehicle Department wanted to open a testing [center] on Charles Street. Because it was considered too dangerous for the children in that section, the Council rejected the idea by vote of 7-2. The next encounter with the state involved the choice of the location of the Walt Whitman Bridge and the route of Interstate 295. The bridge was finally located at the north end of town in a compromise, but Gloucester Heights was divided and a number of properties lost when I295 was constructed. Two controversial projects hit Gloucester in the 1970's. Possible extensions of the high speed line to Gloucester County were being planned. Two of the routes under consideration would pass through Gloucester. Since mass transit must be developed in this area to service the growing population, the routes presented a true dilemma. No town wants to lose taxable properties or to have transit lines divide its city, but all towns realize the importance of rapid transit routes. The lack of money has temporarily halted the development of the high speedline, but the solution has not been found. City officials have fought the route's coming through Gloucester; however, only time will determine whether they have won the battle. Gloucester did win one conflict with the county. The Camden County Municipal Utilities Authority purchased land from the Armstrong Cork Company for the site of a regional sewage treatment plant. The city would have lost at least $40,000 in taxes if the plan were carried out. After a court battle and because of other problems within the authority, the land was resold and is being used by a private corporation. City officials had the complete backing of residents who took to wearing "I Like Gloucester City" buttons as a sign of their support. One controversy rears its head periodically and citizens have been given the opportunity to vote on the issue. The question of opened or closed Sundays for taverns has been a local problem for many years. Gloucester had had open Sundays, but from the 1890's the town attracted large numbers of undesirables because surrounding towns were closed. The increase in violent crimes and thefts caused a majority of the residents to want to close the saloons on Sunday. In 1934 Ernest Ritchie was elected mayor and promised to meet the
demands of the people. He first used the state regulations which had two
important provisions: (1) an establishment could be closed if it
permitted or "suffer in or upon the licensed premises, any known
criminals, gangsters, racketeers, pickpockets, swindlers, confidence
men, prostitutes, female impersonators, perverts or other persons of ill
repute" and (2) "No license shall allow, permit, suffer in or
upon the premises any disturbances, brawls, or unnecessary noises, nor
allow, permit, or suffer the licensed place of business to be conducted
in such manner as to become a The real battle came in 1952 when the question of Sunday sales was placed on the ballot as a local referendum. The Tavern Owners Association hired an airplane to tow a banner over Gloucester, several sound trucks to ride through the town, and 400 people to go door-to-door to convince people to vote for Sunday sales. Churches organized the opposition. Using one sound truck, the amplification system of the First Baptist Church, and all the doorbell ringers they could recruit, the "No Sunday Sales" forces won 3383 to 3143. To date the city has defeated a return to Sunday sales each time it has appeared on the ballot. Other controversial issues have been a part of the city's history and Gloucester will continue to have its share of problems. When the citizenry is united behind its duly elected officials, solutions can be found. *** CITY OFFICIALS 1976 (Inset page 162) Mayor William E. Gartland-Police and Fire City Council John Brophy-Water Other City Officials. Francis J.Gorman, City Treasurer Board of Health Planning Board Library Board Zoning Board of Adjustment Housing Board of Appeals Rent Levelling Board Local Assistance Board Sewage Authority *** Photo captions page 163 David J. Doran stands in front of Ft. Nassau Monument. *** PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS (Inset page 164) Chief of Police-Earl Moore *** Gloucester City Police Department 1890 (SEATED) W. Keown, Chief B. Lyons, Mayor J. Jackson, J. H. Boylan. (STANDING) C. White, E. Cattell, J. Aughenbaugh, M. Bowe, I. Marple, W. Stiles, A. Owens, J. Flemings. The Bleachery's 1850 Hose Carriage was pulled in a parade by I. Griffith, C. Barr, H. Claron, B. Schueneman, c. Nash, and A. Corcoran. A two-story brick firehouse was built in 1889. Gloucester's Water Works is shown in an 1907 photo. A 1914 Auto Fire Engine was the pride of firemen J. Gilmore and E. Cattell. the 1890 Fire Department was composed of volunteers who cared for the equipment purchased by the city and devoted their time and effort to protecting Gloucester's citizens. They were outstanding examples for today's volunteer who follow their dedicated footprints. Gloucester City's first ambulance was the forerunner of today's modern equipment. George Callahan was the driver, and he provided a safe and fast service. *** IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH AND SAFETY Gloucester City can be justly proud of the services and facilities available to all residents to improve their health and safety. Few cities of 14,000 people have these at their fingertips each day. The city government through careful planning and use of property taxes has developed these programs over the last 100 years and some could easily serve as models. For many years Gloucester was policed by constables under county or township control. They had the duty of arresting law breakers and bringing them to court. Until 1869 the city jail was located in the cellar (underground) in a building at Burlington and Middlesex Streets. These situations changed with the incorporation of the city in 1868 and the beginning of a public safety program. Article 20 in the city's charter provided that "it shall be the duty of the constable or constables appointed in said city, to arrest and imprison offenders against the ordinances of said city or the laws of this state, and to perform such other duties, and under such penalties, as the common council of said city shall from time to time prescribe." John O'Neil was appointed as the first regular policeman on October 24, 1870. In addition to his regular duties, he had to light the streetlamps each night. He was paid $360 per year. By 1882 the police department had grown to six members. Mayor Banks was chief and John Cavanaugh, janitor at City Hall, was jailer. Patrolmen, who were paid $600 a year, were William Byers, James Truax, Thomas Lenny, and Isaac Marple. These regulars were sometimes assisted by special officers Lawrence Culahan, James McMahan, Robert Cattell, James Gilday, James McMahan, Jr.,and Thomas Kelly. Each of the policemen had a regular walking beat. Gloucester acquired one horse which could be used to tour the city in 1900 when mounted police became popular. Eventually police cars were put into service to provide adequate protection for a growing population. The city once had a motorcycle patrol of one policeman who was the envy of many boys in the 1930's and 1940's. Today the force has two cars and a station wagon. Communications have been modernized through a county-wide system. In 1938 a referendum approved by the voters established the first Police and Firemen's Pension Fund, the first fringe benefit for the local law enforcers. For many years these men had to go to the voters for all salary increases and benefits. This is no longer true. Today they have Blue Cross-Blue Shield and other benefits worked out over the years by negotiations with the Council. Although a policeman's first obligation is to protect the citizens of Gloucester City, the local force has also been involved in other activities. In 1952 the local PAL was praised as one of the finest programs in the state. John H. Verfaillie, chairman of the project, reported there were 700 boys and 250 girls actively participating in the program. There is no PAL in Gloucester now, but the men continue to be interested in the young people of the town. Among other activities, some are coaches in the various sports activities and each year they combine with the firemen to play a benefit basketball game against local teachers for the Sounds of Youth. Prior to the establishment of a municipal court, the mayor heard local cases and handled the fines and punishments in accordance with local ordinances. However, one unusual sentence was passed on three young men who had been charged with malicious mischief in 1936. Based on a plea from Rev. Titus Finch, pastor of the Gloucester Heights M.E. Church the $5 fines and costs were dropped. Instead Mayor Ritchie ordered the men to attend Sunday School and church services for two months as their sentence for destroying property at the Cloverdale Farm. These three gladly accepted the sentence. All three are still residents of the town-older but hopefully wiser. After 1940, a municipal court was established according to the State Constitution. The first proposal to organize a fire department came before the town
committee at a meeting in Hugg's Tavern on March 3, 1799. Apparently
nothing came of this proposal. The first fire departments were those
organized by the factories that developed in the city. A potentially
disastrous fire started in John Moffet's shoe store at the corner of
Middlesex and Willow Streets in March, 1875 and the Washington Mills
fire equipment was utilized to contain the fire. A positive result of
the fire Named to the fire company were Patrick Mealey, fire marshall; John Graham and John Lafferty, assistants; Henry Gilmore, Andrew Mosser, James Foster, Joseph McAdams, Lawrence Conlohan, James McMahan., Jr., James McMahan, Sr., Joseph Berry, Herman Klosterman, and William Shimp. Since the firemen were all volunteers, no salaries were paid but they received a $500 tax exemption on private property and were made beneficiaries of the Fireman's Relief Fund. There were no fire hydrants and only an old wooden firehouse.Water was obtained from wells and passed along a line in buckets. The first equipment included one hook and ladder truck, fire ladders, six fire extinguishers, six hooks, thirty-six buckets, axes, and rope. The first large piece of fire equipment purchased was a hose carriage with 1000 feet of hose. A small pumper was the first mechanized piece and was purchased in 1914. The first fire house was a wooden building which was torn down and replaced by a two-story brick building in 1889. The second floor was used as a meeting and social hall. When the present City Hall was built the old fire house was torn down and facilities were constructed at the rear of the City Hall. Today there are four companies, composed mostly of volunteers, to provide outstanding fire protection in the city. These men maintain the firehouses and trucks attached to them. Monies are obtained from taxes, from renting out the halls (three of them) and operating bingo games, and from conducting an annual door-to-door collection. These funds enable the companies to have the finest equipment available. The newest addition was a pumper truck in 1976. The firemen have also been involved in various benefit activities. Sometimes their halls are used for benefit socials. Carnivals were held in the 1930's to provide needy children with shoes, stockings, and other clothes. In 1931, four hundred children benefited from the carnival. A softball league organized by the men sponsored a softball marathon in 1975 and 1976 to raise money for the Crozier Burn Center. In addition, they sponsor a Little League team and Company #4 co-sponsored Sounds of Youth summer dances a few years ago. These concerned citizens have even helped others struck by disaster in Wilkes Barre and Trenton. Probably the best known of events sponsored by the Fire Department is the parade in October. Also during Fire Prevention Week, the men stage a fire fighting demonstration and conduct fire drills in the schools. A small organization of men who rarely receive the recognition they deserve supplement the police and firemen. The auxiliary police with headquarters on the second floor of the Municipal Building are ready at all times to handle traffic, provide security at events, and perform other services as needed. These volunteers who give so unselfishly, with only self-satisfaction as a reward are an asset to the city. Ambulance service is also available 24 hours a day to all residents.
Originally one ambulance was purchased by the American Legion. The
city's responsibility was to supply the three drivers required to give
round-the-clock service. The Highland Park Fire Company added a second
ambulance and continue to maintain it. A modern vehicle for the Rescue
Squad is also housed and maintained by Company #3. The annual collection
of dime cards during the third week in October is used to maintain these
vehicles which are manned by volunteers. The ambulance at Company #1 is
still maintained by the city. Residents receive quick, safe, and
competent service from all those-paid and volunteer-involved. *** Photo captions pages 166 and 167 The new City Garage houses all Highway Department equipment. Gloucester's sewage treatment is modern. The Water Works continues to supply pure, good tasting water. Company #1 houses modern fire fighting equipment and an ambulance. Policemen have the use of a station wagon and two police cars. Company #3 has the newest fire house. *** Pages 168 and 169 consist of a city map dated 1887. *** The physical well being of children is the concern of the Keep-Well Station. Located in the Municipal Building, the clinic has provided health care for preschool children and free immunization to residents. Two nurses are on duty at the station and work under the direction of the medical inspector and the Board of Health. The clinic has been in operation for 40 years and continues its excellent service to the community. People cannot stay well and fire departments cannot operate efficiently without a safe, adequate water supply. Gloucester had the underground streams to supply the water, but wells were not sufficient to handle a growing city. In 1881 a referendum passed to build the waterworks. Some people opposed the spending of so much money and went to court to set aside the decision. Benjamin Braker, editor of the Gloucester City Reporter, pushed for another referendum and in 1883 it passed again. Bonds were issued to raise the $20,000 required to begin and John Yocum, a civil engineer, was hired to plan the system. The final cost was $85,000 for the waterworks which continues to function today. The system has been improved and additions made as the city expanded and needs grew. In the 1940's Gloucester City constructed its own sewage disposal plant and incinerator for an estimated $1,500,000. The state approved the plan and a sewer authority was appointed. The facility has been functioning for about 30 years and Gloucester is one of the few towns in the area which operates a modern plant and which does not have the problem of disposal of raw sewage. Clean streets and well cared for public property are another source of pride for Gloucesterites. The city stables once located on Powell Street have been replaced with a modern building at the southern end of town. By operating a regular schedule of trash pickups and park and playground care, the highway department does an outstanding job of maintaining the physical appearance of the city. To promote the physical health of residents, the city maintains
several playgrounds and recreational areas. The Martin's Lake park and
playground, the Green Acres area on Johnson Boulevard, and a number of
small neighborhood playgrounds provide the children with sufficient
recreational areas. Also provided are tennis courts, a street hockey
court, and fields for baseball, softball, and football. The newest
additions to these facilities are a Wild Life Sanctuary at the north end
of Johnson Boulevard and a Dell at the south end. The sanctuary is an
expansion of the Land Preserve established a few years ago by Council in
answer to a campaign organized *** Photo captions on pages 170 and 171 The Keep Well Station occupies the first floor, left side of the
Municipal building. Other city offices are also in the building. Camden
County Park Commission operates this pool on King Street. Workers check
equipment at the Sewage plant. Little Leaguers can find many places to
practice. Street hockey facilities have been Residents use tennis courts next to the Water Works. Additional tennis courts have been built in the Green Acres area. *** EXPANSION OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS The first official authorization for Gloucester Town was passed in 1685. Within the boundaries three sections developed: (1) Gloucester Point, private and county buildings near the river were built on the streets laid out in 1687; (2) Gloucester Town, farms surrounding the Point and within the town; and (3) Gloucester Township. In 1695 Old Gloucester Township included Gloucester, Chesilhurst, Clementon, Pine Hill, Lindenwold, Laurel Springs, Stratford, Somerdale, and Chews Landing. Of course, Gloucester Town was the only town at the time. King George's Patent in 1773 reestablished the town limits and increased Gloucester's size by making Big Timber Creek the southern boundary. Present day Brooklawn, Mount Ephraim, Bellmawr, and parts of Barrington and Haddon Heights fell within the town limits. Gloucester Heights, being east of Newton Creek, remained a part of Newton Township. The next change in boundaries occurred in 1831 when Union Township
was formed. The new township included what is now Gloucester City,
Brooklawn, Bellmawr, Mount Ephraim, Runnemede, Barrington, Lawnside (a
black community called Snow Hill), and a large section of Magnolia.
These boundaries were changed in 1855 when Centre Township was organized
and separated from Union. The Highland Park section of Gloucester became
a part of the new township. The city's boundaries were given in the charter for incorporation approved by the legislature in 1868. The area of Gloucester City from 1868 to 1926 was one and a half square miles. Gloucester had reached its smallest size. The final changes in the size and shape of Gloucester occurred in 1926 and 1927. Centre Township was split up in 1926 and Highland Park, east of Route 130, became part of Gloucester City. Then in 1927 Gloucester Heights left Haddon Township and joined with Gloucester City. In 1976 the area of Gloucester City is 2.2 square miles. Market Street, originally called High Street, is the oldest street in Gloucester and King Street the most historic. With a few exceptions the streets of Gloucester were named according to the specific area of development. The Gloucester Point-Pine Grove section used numbers and physical features-Second (Ferry), High (Market), Water, Seventh, and so on. Division Street divided land owned by Pine Grove and the Gloucester Land Company. As the town expanded north, streets from Market Street to Newton Creek were laid and named for the counties of New Jersey. Eventually those streets were extended across Broadway, some at an angle. A few streets in East Gloucester were named for prominent citizens or land owners. Names of city officials were used for the streets east of Broadway and south of Market Street. Colleges and universities of the United States and England provided the names for most of Gloucester Heights' streets. In Highland Park the streets were dedicated to and named for men who died in World War I. Two housing developments completed the residential expansion of Gloucester City. Men who gave their lives in World War II were honored by the naming of streets in Park Manor. Cypress Gardens' streets have been named for trees. Colorful but sometimes illogical names have been given to a few streets in Gloucester. Some of these no longer exist and some are only alleys. Victoria Place, a grand name for a one block long street, is actually little more than an alley connecting Cumberland and Little Somerset Streets between Westminster and Washington Avenues. Strawberry Alley, along which there were no strawberries, ran between Market and Ridgeway Streets near Atlantic Street. Pig Alley was the route followed from the piggeries at the north end of town to the ferry. The animals were driven along Willow to Ridgeway Street and through at an angle to the Point. Since only one person could fit through at a time, a short cut near Powell Street was called Squeeze-gut Alley. Occasionally streets became better known by the buildings along them. Foundry Row (Paul Street, east of the railroad), Sugar Mill Row (Mercer Street), Thompson Row, Yellow Row, the Mill Blocks, or the street with all the churches (Monmouth Street) became common names for streets. Some streets, such as Plumb Street and Linden Lane, ceased to exist as the town grew. Within the town ethnic communities developed in specific areas until modern times. Pine Grove was made up largely of German speaking families who developed Old Dutch Park and established a German language Lutheran Church. Irish Town was so named because of the predominance of Irish families-Riley, McGovern, McGuire, O'Donnell, and others. Polish names were common in Gloucester Heights and many of the Polish families live there still as one generation takes over the homes of another. Francisville was named for Francis Hughes, who originally owned most of the land in that section. Strangely, John Stewart, who is credited with developing almost all of East Gloucester did not have a street or a section named for him. Monmouth Terrace and Highland Park were two major areas he was involved in developing. One part of town was called the Bone Boilers because tents and cabins in the woods there were used to isolate those who had smallpox and other diseases during various epidemics. An interesting side note is that Brooklawn owes its development to the Pusey and Jones Shipyard. Since 6500 workers were employed in World War I, a severe housing shortage developed. Noreg Village was built to provide homes for workers in Gloucester's shipyard and factories. Today Gloucester's ethnic makeup is not so easily divided by sections. The various nationalities have intermarried and the enclaves have been broken up. The newer sections, Park Manor and Cypress Gardens, are prime examples of the ethnic mixture which is occurring throughout the town. *** Photo captions pages 172 and 173 Cloverdale Farm stood where the drive-in is today. Lord Cornwallis' troop encamped on the Redfield Fam which was demolished in 1890. The Mill Blocks were built for factory workers in the 1840's. The Wier Cottage was built in 1892 on Jersey Avenue. Dr. Stradley's three story house stood on Orange Street from 1875 to 1951. A large stone house was constructed on Jersey Avenue. The Indian Spring Hotel at 8th and Jersey actually had a spring in the cellar. The first house built east of the railroad on Monmouth Street was owned by Harris Powell. This photo of Sheriff West's house at Broadway and Monmouth Street was taken in 1907. The row of buildings on Market Street consisted of MacLennan's
Drugstore, the Ritchie home, the Rambo home, and Rambo's meat and
produce store. John Gourley's home at Broadway and Monmouth Street is
now Funk's Florist. *** DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Gloucester Town established a school for its children in the late 1700's. The one room log school was located in a wooded area in the town. Families who wanted their children to attend paid tuition, bought books and supplies, and in other ways shared the expenses of operating the school. The school was open year round, and students attended whenever possible. This school was used until 1830 when a new frame schoolhouse was constructed. However, most children were educated at home with the Bible as the reading text. In the 1840's New Jersey adopted a new state constitution which provided for the establishment of a public school System. However, attendance was not compulsory, and the financial support was left to the community. Two school districts were established in the western portion of Union Township in 1847. A total of 239 children attended the tax-supported elementary schools which were open all year. The first brick schoolhouse was constructed near Broadway on Hudson Street. This building is still in use today. The frame school was sold. In 1859 the first of the two-story schools was erected on Monmouth Street. Eleven years later the second was built at Cumberland and Ridgeway Streets. Since this was quite a distance for small children to walk each day, a small frame school was erected on Jersey Avenue in Pine Grove in 1869. Within a ten year period three schools had been erected at a total expenditure of $14,000. The 1868 City Charter established an independent elected school board of six members. The board members served three year terms and were given the authority to levy taxes to pay for the schools. The Board of School Trustees employed seven teachers at salaries ranging from $25 to $50 per month and the treasurer was acting superintendent. Two more schools were added, in 1871 one near the Cumberland and Ridgeway Streets school and one in 1873. Although there were 1636 children between the ages of 5 and 18 eligible for school, only 1046 attended with an average daily enrollment of 523. The 1870's were marked with a series of important developments in New Jersey and in Gloucester City. Free public education became a legal requirement in 1871 and attendance became compulsory in 1874. However, a survey showed one in five children completely missed an opportunity to attend school. Of course, there were no high schools at the time and many children left school as soon as they were old enough to get a job in one of the factories. The only subjects taught were the basics. The Horn Books were the basic readers; spelling was taught by rote; arithmetic was learned by copying the sums the teacher wrote on the board. Many students used slates but those who could afford them had copy books and pencils. Gloucester City was one of the first cities in New Jersey to provide adult schools. Beginning in 1875 adults could enroll in the school which operated four nights each week but "absence for two consecutive nights without a valid excuse will forfeit his seat" was strictly enforced. The school system was growing so rapidly that in 1877 the board hired the first superintendent of schools. He was paid $200 to make regular tours of the system and to handle any and all problems. Educating some of [the] Roman Catholic children of the town was the St. Mary's Parochial School. Opening in the rectory parlor in 1858, the school had three teachers: Rev. James Daly, Mr. Timothy McQuaide and his nephew. Twenty-six children enrolled the first year. By the time the city was incorporated in 1868, a two story brick school had been constructed on Cumberland Street to meet enrollment increases. In 1873 the Sisters of St. Dominic were asked to send a permanent teaching staff to the school. By 1886 the public school system required eleven teachers, including
Principal William Dougherty, five schools, and expenditures of $7877,31.
Four teachers were employed for the night adult school. Principal Gaunt
reported a full attendance of scholars who were orderly and attentive.
He suggested the night school be continued long enough so that students
could be certified. Some industries required the certificates for
employment; all required them for advancement. The funds Early in the 1900's, Charles Baxter, state superintendent of schools, ordered all districts to send students to their own high school or to a neighboring high school. By 1907 Gloucester had its first four year high school. St Mary's had constructed another school in 1893 at Cumberland and Sussex Streets and in 1913 had established a commercial school. Shortly after this, Msgr. Bric continued his program of developing a parochial secondary school by converting the Berryman estate at Burlington and Monmouth Streets into a four year high school. The administration of the public schools was changed to an appointed school board whose budget was determined by the Board of Estimates. By the early 1950's only two school systems in Camden County were operating by these methods. Finally the elected board was reinstated and increased to nine members. Only two women have served on the school board in its more than 100 years of existence. Mrs. Laura Douglass was the first woman to be elected to the board and was a leader in the drive to get voter approval for a new high school. Mrs. Marian Plews was the other woman; she worked quite diligently for the school library and is now a trustee of the City Library. The first certification requirement for teachers was passed by the state legislature in 1932. The law required all elementary teachers to have a high school diploma and three years of normal school training. By 1940 the normal schools had become four year colleges and today no one can be certified to teach until a bachelor's degree has been earned. The Gloucester City Public Schools have developed along rather traditional lines, emphasizing basic skills required to enter the world of work or college. New programs have been added and innovations tried as the needs have developed. Some schools have been abandoned and torn down; some have been renovated or enlarged; some new ones have been built. Following the tragic fire which destroyed the Monmouth Street School, the present high school was built and opened in March, 1961. St. Mary's High School became part of the Camden Diocese and was renamed Gloucester Catholic High School. Probably the most unusual, most frustrating situation to be faced by
the Board of Education occurred in 1976, the Bicentennial Year. Three
years earlier, the State Supreme Court had declared property taxes as an
unconstitutional means of supporting schools in the form used at the
time. It stated that the Legislature had to meet its consitiutional
responsibility to provide a "thorough and efficient" education
to all students regardless of the community's ability to raise the money
by property The 1976-77 budget for the public schools which was approved by the voters totaled $3,444,188. The school board employed 132 teachers, 2 librarians, 4 guidance counsellors, plus administrative and service personnel. The enrollment was 2709 students in five elementary and one high schools. Members of the Board of Education are John H. Corcoran, president; Hugh F. Blake, vice-president; Andrew H. Aman, Sr., Frederick C. Anzide, Charles A. Gorman, James L. Martin, James A. Wachter, Charles H. Walmsley, and John F. Ward. Other officials are Joseph P. Gallagher, secretary and business manager; Francis J. Gorman, custodian of funds; William E. Hughes, solicitor; and Dr. Thomas W. Sykes, superintendent of schools. Through various classes and services the public school system today
involves residents from infants to senior citizens. The addition of the
Family Living and Adult Evening School programs has given Gloucester a
fine, complete community education program. The dedication of the Board
of Education and of the administrators, Supplementing the educational systems within the city is the Gloucester City Public Library. Originally housed in the Municipal Building, the library contained about 3600 books belonging to the library and to the Camden County Library. Eventually the library was unable to fulfill the needs because of its size limitations. The Friends of the Library, Mr. Gilbert Stewart, and Mrs. Selma Kessler organized a drive for new facilities. The issue was placed before the people in the form of a referendum. The voters decided a new library was necessary. When the day came to move into the modern facility between Hudson and Bergen Streets just east of the railroad, a group of young people from the Gloucester High Political Science Club and the Sounds of Youth moved all the books across Broadway and down Monmouth Street in a shopping cart train. City workers and other volunteers pitched in to move heavier items. Today the library is a recreational as well as an educational center for the residents. Headed by Mrs. Irene Schell, the library staff offers a wide variety of programs from story hours for tots to family movie night to special events. Gloucester City has a full-service public library. *** Photo captions pages 174 and 175 This school on Hunter Street was moved to Barnaby and Powell Streets and used for coal wagons. The Cumberland Street School, built in 1868, faced Joy Street. This is the way the Monmouth Street School looked in 1863. St. Mary's School was built at Cumberland the Sussex Streets. Photo captions pages 176 and 177 The entire high school student body gathered for this photo in 1907. All Gloucester City teachers are shown here in 1907. They are (on sidewalk) L. Powell, E. Harris, S. Roe, H. Chesseman, (seated) R. McBride, D. Gardner, S. Norcross, C. O'Hara, M. Whittington, O. Stringer, E. McCullough, (standing) A. Magill, M. Husted, K Cramer, H. Barnard, F. Collings, W. Sullivan-supt., M. Gordon, E. Dermott, L. Ogden. Schools in 1976 include the M. E. Costello, Brown Street, Highland Park, and Broadway schools for elementary students. In 1976 schools involved in educating Gloucester's children are St.
Mary's Gloucester Catholic High, Gloucester City High and Gloucester
Heights schools. *** Historic Sites (Inset page 178) Photo captions: Residents have shown their pride in the history of the city and in its citizens by erecting a number of monuments at various locations.The Bicentennial has renewed interest in these monuments. The Fort Nassau Monument-on the circle at Broadway and Cumberland Street-marks the settlement of Dutch in 1623. The Battle of Gloucester-on the lawn of the Rose Haven Motel on Route 130 south of Market street-marks a battle of the Revolutionary War. The Augusta Monument-near the river in the Camden County Park-indicates the location of the remains of the ship. The Sarah Harrison Hugg Monument-near King street in the Camden County Park-commemorates the bravery of a local woman The Hugg's Tavern Monument-near the river in the Camden County
Park-is a reminder of the location of this historic tavern. Monument to the First Methodist Ministers to Come to America-near the river in the Camden County Park-describes the landing of the two men. The World War I Monument-on the northwest corner of Broadway and Monmouth Street-lists those who fought. The World War II Monument-next to the Municipal Building on Broadway near Monmouth street-names those who defended the United States. The cemeteries also contain a number of monuments to individuals who gave unselfishly of themselves. Unfortunately, the cemeteries have been objects of vandalism in recent years. Also being allowed to deteriorate are the few remaining historical sites in Gloucester. The various service organizations, together with the Historical Society and the Bicentennial committee, should form a preservation committee to mark these sites and to investigate ways to save them. This would be the greatest contribution to those who will be here to celebrate the Tricentennial-the people of the 1976 did what no other group had done; they preserved history instead of leaving only photographs and words. *** Photos of the World War I and World War II monuments Day is done, gone the sun The bugler plays taps at all military funerals as a tribute to those who gave their lives in the service of the United States. Those who have earned this final tribute in the major wars of the Twentieth Century are as follows: World War I (Cherry trees were planted and markers were placed in the Camden County park for these men.) World War II Korean War C. Richard Eppleman Vietnam War Ronald Bates Thousands of young men and a number of women have served their
country in peace and war since its beginning. Many are presently serving
in all branches of the armed forces. To those who have gone before and
to those who will follow goes a heartfelt thank you. *** RELIGIOUS LIFE OF GLOUCESTERITES The first settlers in the Gloucester area must have practiced their religion privately because there are no records of the establishment of a church in Old Gloucester County until the arrival of the Quakers. The early Irish and English members of the Society of Friends met in houses; the nearest was in the home of Mark Newbie in Newton (West Collingswood). In 1683 the first Friends Meeting House was built near Newton Creek. Gloucester was settled by the Quakers in 1685 but no meeting house was ever constructed in the town. Most Gloucesterites attended the Newton or Woodbury Meeting Houses and some were very active members. The 1696 yearly meeting voted to oppose the slave trade but not slavery. By 1792 all Friends in the South Jersey area had released their slaves. Freed slaves settled at the east end of Gloucester Road (Snow Hill) in the lower part of Union Township. John Firth of Gloucester Town was appointed in 1819 to a committee to circulate petitions against admission of slave states to the Union. The Church of England or the Anglicans were the next religion to appear in Gloucester Town. Although there is no evidence of a church being constructed, there are many documents to prove the religion existed in Gloucester from 1722 until the Revolutionary War. Thomas Bull's will contained this clause: "I give my file or tier of lots at Gloucester, including the burial-ground near my house, to be set apart for a Church of England when the congregation see fit to build." The Rev. Nathaniel Evans was a missionary to the area for two years and wrote a poem about Gloucester. The next Anglican minister, Rev. Robert Blackwell, married Rebecca Harrison, whose family were members of the local congregation. The Revolution temporarily extinguished the Anglican Church because of its connection to England. According to all historic evidence the first religious denomination to organize permanently and to establish a church in Gloucester Town was the Methodists. Two English missionaries, Messrs. Boardman and Pilmore landed at Gloucester Point on October 24, 1769, and began the task of conversion. However, there is no documentation of Methodists meeting together until 1820. At that time meetings were held in the old school house on Market Street. Frederick Plummer of Philadelphia frequently delivered the sermon to those who gathered there. Large audiences would be in attendance whenever he spoke and he converted many to Methodism during the 15 to 20 years he preached in Gloucester. Among the hundreds who were baptized by Mr. Plummer were Arthur Powell, trustee of the Methodist Society in 1839; Alexander Powell, Arthur's son; and George and Aden Powell, Arthur's grandsons who became local preachers. However, Mary Powell, Arthur's wife, later became an active member of the Baptist Church. Aunt Mary Powell was a most unusual woman who lived to be 102. Until her death while living in the Methodist Home in Collingswood, Mrs. Powell's mind was clear and her memory was frequently put to use recalling the early days of Gloucester Town. Robert W. Sykes was responsible for the erection of the first building occupied by the Methodists. In 1839, he constructed a 26 x 50 foot building on a lot he owned on the north side of Market Street about halfway between Burlington and Sussex Streets. He then held a meeting with some businessmen and Gloucester residents. From this meeting, a board of trustees was appointed for the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the building was named Sykes Chapel. Mr. Sykes later requested the name be changed to Gloucester Point Chapel. The chapel was dedicated on July 21, 1839, and regular services began. On October 20, the chapel was destroyed by fire. The property was exchanged for a lot on King Street and another church was erected and dedicated in July, 1840. The land was again exchanged for property on Monmouth Street, where the third church was built in 1850. In December, 1882, this church was also destroyed by fire and all that remains is the cornerstone bearing the date of 1850 and a strong box with various documents and papers. On March 30, 1883, the cornerstone of the fourth and present church was laid. The names of donors, the history of the church, and local newspapers were enclosed in a type of time capsule. On September 11, 1873, a praying band was organized in the First Methodist Church. Their efforts were directed toward organizing a church in South Gloucester in the area known as Pine Grove. After holding meetings in several of the homes with great success, they were convinced of the need for a church in that section. In March, 1874, a meeting was called in the home of George Powell to organize and five trustees were elected. The church was named the Second Methodist Episcopal Church of Gloucester. The first church building was finished in 1885. In 1923 under the ministry of Rev. C.J. Hewitt, a larger building became a goal. The deed to the present lot at 8th and Division Streets was secured from the First Church and the present building was dedicated on May 22, 1927. The cornerstone laying was followed by full week of special services in the basement, the only part which was finished. With faith and effort the upper rooms were completed and the first services were held in the sanctuary in June, 1936. The history of the Highland Park Methodist Church began in 1917 when the first Sunday School service was held in the home of Mrs. Catherine Finlayson. The following week a meeting was held in a small building at 404 Highland Boulevard. The group had obtained permission to use the building from Mr. Patrick Stewart, developer of the area. The need for a church was discussed in 1919 and the help of Rev. Conover of the First Methodist Church was secured. At a meeting held on June 1, 1919, the members discussed the possibility of building a temporary structure next to the Sunday School building they had been using. The firemen of Highland Park permitted the congregation to hold services in the fire hall for about a year while a permanent structure was being constructed. On June 8, the church was formally organized with 24 members. The site for the church was selected, a building committee appointed, and ground broken for the present church in September, 1919. The cornerstone was laid in March, 1920, and the church was dedicated on October 17, 1920. Dr. Alexander Corson presided at the dedication and accepted the building on behalf of the Methodist Conference. Rev. Conover was the first pastor. Dr. Harlan S. Miner of the First Methodist Church went to Gloucester Heights in 1917 for the purpose of starting a church in that part of Haddon Township. A Sunday School was organized in 1918 and held its first meetings in the home of Mrs. Albert Taylor on Nicholson Road. When she moved, the Sunday School met in the home of Mrs. Curtis Solly. The classes were growing under the supervision of Rev. Richard Conover of First Church. Then in 1919 a temporary meeting place was erected on the back of the lot where the present house of worship now stands at the corner of Nicholson Road and Oxford Avenue. The church was completed and dedicated on October 17, 1920. The stained glass window of the head of Christ was donated by the first Sunday School teacher, Mrs. Kilpatrick. The Baptismal Font was made by Alex Thompson and donated by Mr. Monney in memory of his wife. According to records, the entire project including real estate, building, and furnishings cost $6,015. Rev. Conover of the First Church ministered to the congregation until the first pastor, Rev. William Harker, was assigned. The four Methodist churches continue to operate as separate churches within the United Methodist Church Conference. In 1969 the local members of the denomination celebrated the arrival of the first missionaries by erecting a plaque to mark the approximate location of the landing. The plaque can be seen near the Delaware River in the Camden County Park. In 1844 members of the Presbyterian faith began to hold meetings in Washington Hall. The Rev. John M. Rodgers, pastor of the Woodbury church, conducted the service every Sunday for several years. On June 26, 1847, he called a meeting of the congregation for the purpose of organizing a church. A piece of land was purchased on the northeast corner of Monmouth and Burlington Streets and the construction of the church began. The cornerstone was laid on October 11, 1849, and the new church was dedicated on December 10, 1850. Building an 82 foot high steeple on the ground and then raising it to the roof for installation was the final part of the construction. Henry West, superintendent of Washington Mills and member of the congregation, felt the steeple should contain a bell. Realizing the financial situation of the church, Mr. West secured a bell on his own. In the summer of 1852 the bell was delivered but before it could be
mounted, a tornado tore the steeple from the church and it crashed into
an adjoining lot. Part of the steeple was moved to the railroad station
on Monmouth Street and became a newspaper and candy stand. The bell was
placed in the Mill Tower until the mills were demolished in 1950. The
bell is now the property of the Historical Society. The Presbyterian
Church is the oldest religious structure in continuous use in The Roman Catholic residents of Gloucester had to go to Philadelphia for church services in the early 1800's-some to St.Mary's and some to St. Augustine's. In 1846, the first Mass was said in Gloucester in the home of Philip Francis Scanlon on the northwest corner of King and Hudson Streets. In 1847 Father Edward Waldron was ordained in Philadelphia and began to visit West Jersey. He said mass in Washington Hall and developed a congregation of about 60 people. He later said mass in the public school at Broadway and Hudson and then established his own parish books in January, 1848. Father Waldron began to build the first Roman Catholic church on the southwest corner of Cumberland and Sussex Streets. The cornerstone was laid September 24, 1848, and the church which could seat 400 was completed and dedicated on December 2, 1849. Father Hannigan began St. Mary's Cemetery on Market Street in the early 1850's. In 1854 a permanent rectory was built. Father James Daly began a parish school in the rectory and then constructed a school on Cumberland Street. Rev. Thomas McCormick built a new rectory (1886), the present church (1888) on Monmouth Street, and a new school at Cumberland and Sussex Streets. Father Giese built the present brick convent in 1906 and added the Italian marble altars, the Munich stained glass windows, and Stations of the Cross to the church. Members had faced much opposition in the early years of the church in Gloucester City. Materials to be used in construction strangely caught fire; workers had unfortunate accidents; the cornerstone disappeared but was later found. Still they remained strong in their faith and accomplished their goals. Three pastors have served the parishioners for most of the years of this century and have developed the church and the school into the active contributors to the community that they are. The men responsible for exerting the dynamic leadership necessary to aid the church members through the difficult times of the twentieth century and at the same time maintained, built, and renovated as needed are Msgr. Maurice E. Bric, Rev. Peter Budniak, and Msgr. Edward Lucitt. Origins of the Church of Ascension were in services held in
Washington Hall with the Rev. Isaac P. Labagh in October, 1847. By
January 28, 1849, the church had been constructed and it was consecrated
by Bishop George Washington Doane on Ascension Day, May 7, 1849. The
1800's were seesaw years for the Episcopalians.The church grew in
membership but did not seem able to hold a pastor for any length of
time. The church even had to close for two years during the Civil War.
Occasionally a rector would stay with the church for two or three years,
but often visiting ministers from nearby churches were called upon to
serve the During the brief ministry of Rev. Herbert Burk, who later founded the
Valley Forge Washington Memorial Chapel, the parish house was built.
Members purchased used stone from the St. Mary's Church which was being
demolished and cut expenses considerably. In 1911 the rectory was
constructed and provided living quarters for the pastor's family. The
daughters of John Chase Stinson, an outstanding layman for 45 years,
presented the chancel and the stained glass windows depicting The Church of Ascension weathered the difficult times of the 1800's to become an active force in the religious life of the community throughout the 1900's. The First Baptist Church of Gloucester was organized on April 4, 1867, with 13 charter members. Josiah Stone is credited with organizing the church and Rev. E.C. Parker was the first pastor. Meetings were first held in Washington Hall. Later a small frame building with a seating capacity of 300 was built on the southeast corner of Monmouth and Sussex Streets. The land had been purchased from the Gloucester Land Company for $500. The Sunday School was organized in 1867 with George W. Cheeseman as superintendent. The old frame church was torn down in 1912 and the present church was dedicated on March 2, 1913. Lacking a baptistry in the early days, baptisms were conducted in the Delaware River. At that time the baptisms were quite beautiful and very impressive because the riverfront had a white, sandy beach and a background of old shade trees and acres of green grass. In 1940 the church burned the mortgage and has not needed to obtain another. Much of money required to pay off the debt was acquired when Miss Clara Fletcher bequeathed her entire estate to the church. About 30 Lutherans of German descent began the Bethany Lutheran Church in the early years of this century. With the aid of Rev. O. M. Kionka, a mission developer, they held the first worship service and Sunday School on February 19, 1905, in a building at the corner of Market and Third Streets. Trustees were chosen and a charter was granted to the "German
Evangelical Lutheran Bethany Church" on February 17, 1906. Property
was purchased on south Fourth Street and on September 6, 1908, the
cornerstone was laid with Rev. Erich Saul, the first official pastor,
presiding. The growth of the church was as follows: 1925-first parsonage
at 330 Hudson Street; 1935-steeple acquired from the Monmouth Street
School; 1954-present parsonage purchased; 1959-Parish Education Major renovations took place in 1928, 1953, 1967, and 1976. The
congregation adopted a new constitution in 1954 and changed its name to
Bethany Evangelical Probably the least known religious edifice in Gloucester City stands quietly at the end of Monmouth Street and gives the appearance of being deserted. The building is seldom used today but it remains a part of Gloucester's religious history. Unfortunately the synagogue has usually been overlooked or ignored when other publications about Gloucester City have been written. The Beth El Synagogue was organized in the early 1900's. The group met at the old Green's Hall in the 200 block of North King Street. They held services on holidays and Sunday school classes. In time and as occasion arose they held Bar Mitzvahs. A number of years later the Security Trust Bank moved to Monmouth Street and the King Street building was put up for sale. The members purchased the property and converted it to a synagogue which is registered in Trenton under the name of the Congregation Beth El Home Association. Services are still held at the synagogue. The following were instrumental in establishing the present synagogue: Abraham Brandt, Harry A. Carson, Jacob J. Friedman, Charles Goodman, Samuel Grossman, Philip Kalikman, Max Mester, Harry I. Siegal, and Bernard Snyder. The first service of the Church of God was held in the home of Mrs.
Jennie Barcklow at 446 North King Street with the Rev. C.E. Brown as the
guest speaker. Brother Huntsinger, founder of the Gloucester church, was ordained in 1921 and the present property was purchased in 1929 for $2,000. Church services were held regularly in a church on Bergen Street while the new church was being constructed. It was completed in 1935. In May, 1957, the church purchased the adjoining property at 111 Baynes Avenue for Sunday school rooms and a pastor's study. Construction began on a new educational unit in November, 1964, and the addition was dedicated on December 5, 1965. The church expanded its ministry in 1971 by establishing the Small World Nursery School. The school is accredited by the Division of Institutions and Agencies of the State of New Jersey. There are two other churches of lesser known denominations ministering to the religious needs of the community. Unfortunately information concerning the history of these churches was not available at the writing of this book. (Ed. Note-Each of the churches of Gloucester City has a much more
extensive history than is written here. Many residents have given time,
talents, and tithes as their contributions to the religious development
of the city, and many pastors have devoted years of leadership and
service to make the goals of their congregations reality. The walking
tour of the churches organized, conducted, and taped by Mrs. Joan
Corcoran should be duplicated and expanded for use in recording and
teaching the *** HOUSES OF WORSHIP Photo captions page 181 The First Methodist Church was destroyed by fire on December 3, 1882. First United Methodist Church *** Photo caption page 182 There were three churches which no information was available are the Fairhaven Wesleyan Church on Bergen Street, The Helping Hand Mission, and the Assembly of God on Powell Street. The photograph of the Mission was found in an old album and appears to have been taken about the turn of the century. None of those who saw the photo knew anything about the Mission. Anyone with information concerning these churches is requested to contact the editor. *** 100 YEARS OF GROWTH (Inset page 183) The census figures show the growth of Gloucester City from its
incorporation until 1970 more than 100 years later. Following are the
totals for the 11 census 1870 - 3,682 An interesting census was conducted in Camden County in 1905. At that time 1784 families were living in the 1736 dwellings in Gloucester. The females outnumbered males 4035 to 4018. One black male and two black females were among the residents. Fifteen divorced people and 515 widowed individuals lived the single life among 3034 married couples. No figures were given for the number of people over 45. Women had a rather good chance to find a mate since there were 2329 single males to 2153 single females. *** The Good Old Days (Inset page 183) "They were the days when there were no TV, radio, auto, electricity, or heart attacks, and the only guided missiles were the sky-rockets on the 4th of July. "Home cooking was where the women were and labor relations discussions were about the boss's son. "We had never heard of an income tax and "Social Security" was a home with no mortgage on it. Everybody who didn't keep a dog kept a cat and more people kept the Sabbath. "We had friends 'over there' before foreign aid and the Constitution of the United States was a revered and irrevocable document." *** Map showing sections (neighborhoods) of Gloucester City is on pages 184-85 "Map of Gloucester's sections--Bone Boilers should include the
area to Baynes Avenue according to some local historians." (from
addendum) *** THE HOMEFRONT; WORLD WARS I AND II (Inset page 186) While Gloucester's service men and women were away during the two world wars, those who remained at home did what they could to help with the war effort. Despite the extremely low temperatures in the winter of 1917-18, residents observed "heatless" Mondays, "meatless" Thursdays, and "lightless" nights. Women took the place of the men in offices and factories and on the farms. Fortunately for all the American involvement was somewhat brief and life soon returned to normal. World War II's rationing programs were well-remembered by those on the homefront. It was necessary to obtain ration cards, stamps, and coins for many items. The nightly blackouts, as wardens patrolled the streets, were made "fun" by the "scary" radio shows, such as "Inner Sanctum." Of course a person could always use a flashlight to read while sitting on the floor behind a couch or under the covers in bed. Many people took on two jobs or were volunteers on one or more of the many wartime activities-Red Cross, Civil Defense, and other. Travel was mostly by public transit because gasoline and tires were rationed. Certainly people sacrificed some comforts and luxuries but it was little in comparison with those who were members of the armed forces. *** GLOUCESTER'S SIGHTINGS OF THE JERSEY DEVIL (Inset page 187) Drawing was copied from newspaper found at C. C. Historical Society Jersey Devil, legend or fact, those words stir wonder, excitement, and sometimes fear throughout the South Jersey area. These reactions occurred in greater numbers and at more frequent intervals in the past. Although most people think of the Jersey Devil as a creature of the pinelands area of New Jersey, shortly after the turn of the century there was a rash of sightings. During the winter in the early 1900's, working people on their way to the factories would notice strange tracks in the snow. Women going to hang wash on the line would see the odd marks in the backyard. These odd-shaped footprints appeared on fence and roof tops. The cloven footprints seemed to indicate the creature was stalking the town. Juvenile delinquency dropped to nearly zero because everyone was afraid to go out after dark. If someone were delayed until after dark, even the slightest noise would cause the person to take a quick look over the shoulder and to speed the pace. On January 19, 1909, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Evans spotted a peculiar object on the shed roof behind their house on Mercer Street. They stood at the window for about 10 minutes, observing the creature, before it flew away. They described the mysterious animal as being about 31/2 feet in height. It had two-foot long wings, a collie dog's head, a horse's face, a long neck, and four legs. The creature stood on the two back legs and the two shorter front legs close to its body. An inspection of the hoofprints in the morning found them to be cloven hoofs. Today a sophisticated society that has become accustomed to science fiction films, space flights, landings on the moon, and explorations of Mars would perhaps wonder how anyone could be frightened by such a strange creature. However, until the Jersey Devil is again seen in Gloucester, no one will know how fearful the creature can be. *** Scenes Around Gloucester City 1976 Researching, writing, editing, designing layouts, reading copy and proof, and worrying about deadlines which could not be met have made the year spent preparing this history book disappointing, frustrating, and rewarding. Now that the book is completed, hopefully it will be read and reread, not placed on a shelf to gather dust. Much effort was put into making this book as accurate and as interesting as possible. Every member of the community-past, present, and future-should find something of interest. Disappointment came with the lack of response to two requests for information and photographs. It seemed as if no one cared whether a history of the town were written or not. Frustration came as deadlines were missed because material was slow in coming in, promises were not always kept, and last minute changes were requested. Rewards came from working with young people who gave so freely of their time. Probably 75% of the typing was done by one young lady, Sharon Patterson. Maria Bendof and Lorraine McKibban typed all the special material and Marian Hakanson helped with one chapter. Former students read through research material to compile basic information. Those young people who are listed as the staff saved the editor hours of reading. It must be noted that none of these fine young men and women received any money for their work. Also to be acknowledged are others who were instrumental in the publication of this book. The contributors listed on page 197 who gave their time and talent without remuneration are certainly an asset to the community. Terry McGovern, the publisher's representative, is a very special person and good friend who gave every assistance possible. Most of all, I must thank my children, Glynneth and Mark, who gave so much--a living and dining room covered with material for the book, ten to twelve hours a day that Mother could not be disturbed while she worked on the book, ironed clothes, and so on--including their own time, talents, support, and love. I could not have completed this book in three years, let alone one, without their assistance. This book is not complete. Sections of the book dealing with the 20th Century are weak because information was so difficult to obtain and some had to be omitted because of lack of space. Perhaps this history will stimulate residents to take more interest in the history of Gloucester City and they will come forward with scrapbooks, photograph albums, old papers and documents which can be photographed or photocopied for future reference. Newspaper stories about Gloucester in area newspapers should be collected, perhaps by the City Library. (Clippings in scrapbooks at the Camden County Historical Society were an excellent source of information.) All photos taken by residents should be dated and completely identified for future personal or historic use. Many other suggestions have been made at various points in the book. What actually is accomplished now rests in the hands of the citizens of Gloucester City and their elected officials. One last thank you goes to Dr. John Corcoran, the Bicentennial Committee, the Mayor, and the Council for giving me the honor of writing this book. Louisa W. Llewellyn, Editor *** The 200th Birthday Celebration Of The United States In Gloucester City Dr. John Corcoran, chairman GCARBC They named it "the Bicentennial" . . . two hundred years since the Declaration of Independence was signed and the Liberty Bell was rung to proclaim freedom and the birth of a new nation. Gloucester City became a "celebrator" in September of 1974 when Mayor Vincent Dailey and the City Council appointed John Corcoran as chairman of the Gloucester City American Revolution Bicentennial Committee. Over ninety citizens soon became members of the Committee and began the planning and implementation of many and varied activities for a two-year celebration. Probably the first major goal of the Committee was to acquire national recognition as "A Bicentennial Community." This meant that the city had to meet the requirements of the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission (ARBA) of HERITAGE, FESTIVAL and HORIZONS. The Committee worked hard and by January, 1975, had received the official notice that the application was accepted; April 13th, Congressman James J. Florio presented the ARBA Flag and Bicentennial Community Certificate to Mayor William E.Gartland. Thus began the activities and events that became the 1975 Prelude to the big celebration in 1976. "Bicentennial Community Day," April 13, 1975, developed
into a five-hour program which included the divisions as follows:
HERITAGE--the 288th meeting of the West Jersey proprietors at the County
Park at noon. Over 200 people attended the old-fashioned fried oyster
and salad luncheon put on by the Bicentennial Committee to honor the
Proprietors. The Cadets Drum and Bugle Corps, directed by Ed Dempsey,
led the parade from the Park to the Costello School and This was the year when Harry F. Green, Honorary Chairman of the Bicentennial Committee, was elected to the West Jersey proprietors, a great honor not only to Mr. Green but also to Gloucester City. FESTIVAL: The Morris County Militia Fife and Drum Corps performed for "chilly" citizens, featuring many of the "hot" tunes of the Revolutionary War period. *** Photo captions page 189 Harry Green and John Corcoran accept congratulations for a great
Proprietors' Day celebration. Photo captions page 190 Hostesses line up to pick up soup Photo captions page 191 All surfaces had to be covered no matter how difficult. *** HORIZONS: Mayor William Gartland was presented with the Gloucester
City Bicentennial Community Certificate and National ARBA flag by
Congressman James Throughout the year of 1975, many preparations were made to help make 1976 "a year to remember." Lucille Milner directed the sale of flowers for beautifying the city; Darlene Keebler got the flag sale rolling; and Mary Ellen Kraft developed the flower plot and welcoming sign at the Swim Club on Essex Street. Ceremonies there were held on June 14. Over 100 volunteers... boys, girls and adults... took on the monstrous task of painting the 245 fire hydrants in the city to resemble colonial soldiers. Mrs. Joan Corcoran, the "Fire plug lady," doled out cans and cans of paint to get the "job" done. Ed Haughey checked out the first hydrant completed at Brown and Mercer Streets. A February luncheon was held to help defray the costs of copyright privileges. Over 125 brave souls supported the project by attending on one of the coldest days of the year during a snow storm. Preparations continued with the painting of benches and the dedication of five flag poles in front of the Municipal Building at Broadway and Monmouth Street on June 14, Flag Day. One of the five flags raised was the Committee's Local Bicentennial Logo. Four hundred and thirty-three entries from all the schools in the city had to be judged for three days by the Ray Stanaitis; Jack Wegener, and Bill Lindoerfer before the final three entries could be determined. Finally, the Indian Logo created by Glynneth Llewellyn, a senior at Gloucester City High School, was selected to be "The Logo" for the Celebration. Runners up were Darlene Allgeier,Grade 5; Jim Lee, Grade 10; and Bill Damminger, Grade 9. In the spring, a fund-raising event very easily became a "hit" of the season. The "Saints and Singers," directed by Mary Jane Richards, along with the Bicentennial Committee, put on the "Hats in History" . . . a "smashing success!" The hottest day of the year, in August, found the Committee sponsoring "Back to Bikes Day." The Police Department registered all bikes, all riders passed their riders' test and received licenses, and the "Big Wheelers" performed. The big FESTIVAL for the year was September 6. Over 4500 people were at Martin's Lake and "Green Acres" to meet old friends; see arts and crafts demonstrated; listen to Joe Gorman at the piano, Southern Cross, St. Mary's Choir, the Fife and Drum Corps; walk across "John Lincoln's Bridge"; square dance; and enter in to too many activities to enumerate here! The cooperation was terrific! The Mayor and Council helped put up booths, Stu Weisgerber loaned his "car," Jim Martin waited, and everybody really did a beautiful "piece of work"! The "preparation year" of 1975 ended with the Bicentennial Ball, which featured a performance by JERZ. Louisa Finger and Ray Stanaitis won the "best-dressed" prizes, and Bill Labbree kept everyone guessing portraying "Lafayette." Writers and historians, such as Harry Demarest; Harry Green and Dave Munn; artists such as Ray Stanaitis and Stan Ashmen; specialists, such as George and Bert Crowe, Bill Kenney, Bill Labbree, Mary Jane Richards, Dot MacNee, George Cleary, Ginger McComb, and many others were kept busy implementing the events of 1975 and planning events for 1976. *** Photo captions page 192 Mayor Gartland raises Gloucester Logo flag with a little help. Photo captions page 193 Ptl. Bill Brandt inspects a bike. *** Plans were further developed for HORIZONS, the long-range projects of the Committee; the Environmental Park Area on North Johnson Boulevard; "The Dell" at Klemm Avenue and Johnson Boulevard; research and writing for the history book being prepared by Louisa Llewellyn; the Bicentennial Center at the Municipal Building. HERITAGE, FESTIVAL, and HORIZONS are again the keynote for the 1976 Birthday Party. Activities are well-underway, and several have already been successful. Watch for your "Supplement," summarizing the celebration year's events. Photo Credits: p. 191 Sharon and Glynneth courtesy of Philadelphia Daily News, Corcoran children by Robert C. Bartosz, Ed Haughey and painted bench by Dave Stauffer of Gloucester County Times; p. 194 potter by Bob Rowand of Gloucester County Times; all others by Cheryl Karpinski. Transparencies for all color art introducing Chapter, Glick Studios of Philadelphia. Photo captions page 194 Where It's At---Olde Gloucester Day '76 (Map with schedule and location of activities) *** The 100th Anniversary of the incorporation was marked with the
dedication of a plaque in front of City Hall. Harry Green reads it to
the crowd. *** 300th Anniversary Celebrated in 1923 Gloucester City celebrated the 300th anniversary of its founding as Fort Nassau in June, 1923, with a three-day observance. The event attracted a number of important visitors, including the governors of New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. Adding to the occasion was the celebration of St. Mary's 75th anniversary and the 50th anniversary of the arrival of the Sisters of St. Dominic. Historical observances were conducted on Friday, beginning with a dinner, sponsored by mayor and city council for visiting dignitaries, at the U.S. Immigration Station. Following the dinner, a parade marched from City Hall to the monument at Broadway and Cumberland Street for the formal dedication. In the line of march were marines, sailors, and the Navy Band from League Island; the Lions Club, several bands, and many school children. At the Fort Nassau Monument special ceremonies were conducted with Charles S. Boyer, president of the Camden County Historical Society, presiding. Bishop Joseph F. Berry of the Methodist Episcopal Church gave the invocation. Welcoming addresses were delivered by Mayor McNally and New Jersey's Governor Silzer. Pageantry and pleasure were the order of the day on Saturday. Sixteen organizations and many children marched in the parade. One highlight was the paraders dressed as Indians and Dutch settlers. The parade ended at the U.S. Immigration Station where a musical festival was held. Among those providing the music were the Cambria Singing Society of Philadelphia (prize winners at the Welsh song festival), Liberty Band, St. Monica's Band (both of Philadelphia), and the Gloucester Choral Society. The observance ended with special Sunday services in each of the churches. Several state church heads were involved in the ceremonies. Among the church dignitaries present were Bishop Berry and Bishop Walsh. (The texts of all speeches given are available at the Camden County Historical Society). Back to Chapter Six Back to Master Page of Book Links Continue to Addendum
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